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News Sodium Ion
Markw ,
Why Natron Energy Collapsed

What happens when mass manufacturing and scale disrupts new and sometimes better technology for niche applications

Inside the $1.4B Battery Dream That Died Overnight

Just one year after announcing a $1.4 billion sodium-ion battery gigafactory that promised 1,000 high-wage jobs in rural North Carolina, Natron Energy is gone.

On September 4, 2025, the 13-year-old California startup shut down all operations, laid off its entire workforce of ~95 employees, and abandoned plans for what was to be one of the largest sodium baed clean-energy investments in the USA

The news hit like a shockwave — not just for the workers in Michigan and California, but for state officials who had already approved $56.3 million in incentives (none of which were paid).

So what went wrong?

In this deep-dive investigation, we uncover the real reasons behind Natron’s collapse — from frozen investor payments and policy shifts to manufacturing economics and a fatal mismatch between innovation and market timing.

The Final Days: A Desperate Search for Cash

According to internal documents and interviews, Natron’s board made the final call on August 27, 2025: fundraising efforts had failed.

“Natron’s efforts to raise sufficient new funding were unsuccessful, having failed to result in sufficient funding proceeds to cover the required additional working capital and operational expenses.”
— Elizabeth Shober, Head of Team & Talent, in letter to Michigan labor officials

The company had been in survival mode for months:

  • Existing investors — including Chevron, United Airlines Ventures, and Khosla Ventures — froze scheduled payments starting in June 2025.
  • A Series B round was pitched but never closed.
  • Debt financing talks collapsed.
  • Even a last-ditch asset sale (via California advisory firm Sherwood Partners) came too late.

By late August, Natron had only $25 million USD in booked orders — mostly for data center backup power — but couldn’t fulfill them. Certification delays (UL 1973) and the looming 60-day WARN Act layoff notice created a death spiral:
no delivery → no revenue → no investor confidence → no lifeline.

CEO Colin Wessells stepped down in December 2024 — citing the “all-consuming” burden of fundraising. His departure was an early warning sign.

The Cost Conundrum: BOM vs. Reality

Natron’s sodium-ion batteries were built on a compelling promise: cheaper, safer, more sustainable than lithium-ion.

Using Prussian blue electrodes and abundant materials like sodium, aluminum, iron, and manganese, the company avoided lithium, cobalt, and nickel entirely. No rare earths. No geopolitical risk.

ComponentNatron (Sodium-Ion)Lithium-Ion (LFP)
CathodePrussian blue (Fe, Mn, Na)Lithium iron phosphate
AnodeHard carbonGraphite
ElectrolyteSodium salt in organic solventLithium salt
Projected BOM Cost (2030)$10/kWh (grossly exaggerated)$40–60/kWh

But here’s the catch: low energy density (~50 Wh/L vs. 300 Wh/L for Li-ion) meant Natron’s batteries were only viable for power-dense applications like grid or data centre stabilization and or possibly fast-charging stations — not EVs or consumer devices. The reality was, they were heavy, and huge. And over time, the price of Lithium based batteries fell so quickly, that most technology has been put out of business.

China dominates battery manufacturing, overnight in december 2024, CATL announced a 50% price drop for LFP batteries at the cell level. From around $100 per kWh to $50 per kWh. This price is wholesale, without any retail margins, so its not the true cost, but it gives you an idea, of the power they can weild, this also affected many other chinese companies, such as Gotion, but this decision also completely wiped out all the planned factories across the globe, some in the USA, and some in Australia who had been budgeting for $100 a kWh, they now had no future.

China is not messing around, this is a fight that without mega Billions of dollars, supply chains and the highest level of automation, the competiting countries have no chance of getting off the ground.

And while long-term BOM costs looked promising, scaling manufacturing was brutally expensive:

  • Retrofitting the Michigan plant cost $40 million.
  • The North Carolina gigafactory was budgeted at $1.4 billion — 40x the Michigan site’s capacity.
  • Upfront system costs were higher than Li-ion initially, with savings only over 50,000+ cycles.

Even with $35/kWh IRA tax credits, the math didn’t work without massive volume — and volume required capital Natron no longer had.

Market Timing: The Lithium Price Crash

In 2022, lithium carbonate hit $80,000/ton. Sodium-ion looked like the future.

By 2025? Under $10,000/ton. A 70%+ collapse.

Suddenly, lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries — already dominant in China — became cheaper than ever. Data centers and utilities asked: Why switch to an unproven chemistry?

Natron’s niche advantage evaporated.

The Full Breakdown: Why Natron Failed

FactorImpactOutcome
Frozen Investor PaymentsChevron, United, Khosla halted funds in June 2025Cash runway ended
Policy ShiftReduced federal support under Trump admin; ARPA-E grants stalledLost goodwill funding
Certification DelaysUL 1973 blocked $25M in ordersNo revenue to show investors
Lithium Price Crash70% drop eroded cost edgeCustomers stayed with LFP
High CapEx for Low-Density Tech$1.4B factory for power-focused batteriesToo risky without scale
China Dominance~100% of global sodium-ion capacityU.S. startups outgunned

What’s Next for Sodium-Ion?

Natron’s collapse is not the end of sodium-ion technology.

Experts like those at Mana Battery call it “very specific to Natron” — citing execution missteps, niche focus, and bad timing. Others, like Bedrock Materials and Peak Energy, are still advancing sodium-ion with smaller, grid-focused strategies.

China already has over 10 GWh of sodium-ion capacity online. The chemistry works. The market exists.

But Natron’s story is a sobering reminder: in clean energy, innovation alone isn’t enough. You need capital, timing, policy, and customers — all aligned.

North Carolina’s Kingsboro megasite is back on the market.
State officials call it “one of the top megasites in the country.”
This was its second major flop in seven years.

Sources & Further Reading

  • WRAL News – Original closure announcement
  • Battery industry reports (2024–2025): Mana Battery, BloombergNEF, ARPA-E
  • Internal Natron documents via Michigan WARN Act filings
  • Interviews with former employees and industry analysts

News Blog
Markw
Differences in Internal Resistance between LFP manufacturers and cell models

Overview of LFP Prismatic 314Ah Cells

Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP) prismatic cells in the ~314Ah capacity range are popular for energy storage systems (ESS), electric vehicles (EVs), and solar applications due to their safety, long cycle life (often 4,000–8,000+ cycles), and stable voltage plateau around 3.2V. These cells share similar dimensions (typically ~174mm x 72mm x 207mm) and chemistry but differ in design optimizations, leading to variations in performance metrics like internal resistance (IR).

Observed IR values (EVE MB31 ~0.18 mΩ, LF304 ~0.15 mΩ, REPT ~0.23 mΩ) align closely with manufacturer specifications and real-world testing. Note that IR is typically measured as AC impedance at 1 kHz (per industry standards) and can vary ±0.05 mΩ due to factors like temperature, state of charge (SOC ~30–50% for fresh cells), and measurement tools. Lower IR generally means better efficiency (less heat, higher discharge rates), but all these values are low for 314Ah LFP cells, indicating high-quality Grade A (or HSEV/EV-grade) products.

Confirmed Internal Resistance Specs

Based on official datasheets and verified seller data:

Manufacturer/ModelNominal CapacityInitial IR (AC, 1 kHz)Typical Real-World RangeCycle Life (0.5C/0.5C)Key Notes
EVE MB31314Ah≤0.18 mΩ (±0.05 mΩ)0.16–0.23 mΩ≥8,000 cyclesNewer high-density evolution of EVE’s 304Ah line; optimized for ESS with low heat generation. Tested capacities often exceed 330Ah.
EVE LF304304Ah≤0.15 mΩ (±0.05 mΩ)0.14–0.20 mΩ≥4,000 cyclesOlder high-power model; slightly lower capacity but prioritized for EV/high-discharge apps. IR can appear lower due to thicker electrode coatings.
REPT (CB75/CB71)314Ah≤0.23 mΩ (±0.05 mΩ)0.20–0.25 mΩ≥8,000 cyclesFocuses on “Wending” tech for space efficiency; higher IR but excellent thermal stability and 95%+ efficiency at 0.5P discharge.

These values come from EVE and REPT official datasheets, with real-world ranges from independent tests (e.g., DIY solar forums and battery resellers). The LF304’s lower IR reflects its design for power delivery, while REPT’s slightly higher value trades off for enhanced safety and longevity in stationary storage.

Why Variations in Internal Resistance Between Manufacturers?

Internal resistance in LFP cells arises from ohmic (electrolyte/connector) and polarization (electrode/ion diffusion) components. While all LFP cells use the same base chemistry (LiFePO4 cathode, graphite anode, liquid electrolyte), manufacturers like EVE and REPT optimize differently, leading to IR differences of 0.03–0.08 mΩ. Here’s a breakdown of key factors:

  1. Electrode Design and Material Choices:
    • Particle Size and Coating Thickness: Finer cathode particles or thinner coatings (e.g., EVE LF304’s high-power focus) reduce ion diffusion paths, lowering polarization resistance (~0.10–0.15 mΩ contribution). REPT’s “double-high” solid-liquid interface uses coarser particles for stability, slightly raising IR but improving cycle life.
    • Tab Configuration: More/wider current collectors (tabs) shorten electron paths. EVE MB31 uses stacked/wound hybrids with more tabs, achieving ~0.18 mΩ. REPT’s top-to-bottom “Wending” tech maximizes space but can add ~0.05 mΩ due to longer internal paths.
  2. Manufacturing Processes and Quality Control:
    • Assembly Uniformity: Variations in electrode alignment, electrolyte filling, or welding introduce inconsistencies. EVE’s highly automated lines yield tighter IR tolerances (±0.05 mΩ), while REPT emphasizes safety testing, which may allow a broader range.
    • Grade and Sorting: All are Grade A, but “HSEV” (high-safety EV) variants (common for these) are sorted for low IR. Subtle batch differences (e.g., electrolyte additives for thermal runaway prevention) can shift IR by 10–20%.
  3. Optimization Trade-Offs for Application:
    • Power vs. Energy Focus: LF304 (EVE) targets EVs with high C-rates (up to 1C continuous), needing ultra-low IR for minimal voltage sag. MB31 balances ESS longevity. REPT prioritizes stationary storage, where higher IR is acceptable for better abuse tolerance (e.g., overcharge resistance up to 270°C).
    • Energy Density Enhancements: Higher-density cells (e.g., MB31’s 173 Wh/kg) pack more active material, potentially increasing resistance slightly if not offset by innovations like REPT’s 7%+ space utilization boost.
  4. Measurement and Environmental Factors:
    • Test Conditions: Specs use fresh cells at 25°C and ~30% SOC. Real measurements (e.g., your 0.23 mΩ for REPT) may vary with tools—use a 1 kHz AC meter for accuracy. Temperature swings (±10°C) can change IR by 20%.
    • Aging and Degradation: IR rises ~50–150% over life (faster in LFP than NMC), but your values suggest new cells.

Overall, these variations (20–50% relative difference) are normal and don’t indicate defects— they’re engineered for specific strengths. For ESS, REPT’s higher IR means ~2–5% more heat at 0.5C but superior safety. EVE’s lower IR suits high-draw apps like inverters.

Recommendations

  • Matching Cells: For packs, match IR within 0.05 mΩ to avoid imbalances (use a calibrated meter like YR1035+).
  • Testing: Discharge at 0.2C to verify capacity (>310Ah expected) and monitor IR over cycles.
  • Sources: Download full datasheets from EVE/REPT sites or resellers like GobelPower for curves. For comparisons, check ECO Teardown’s aggregated specs.

Conclusion

Not all LFP cells are made equally, they are optimised for slightly different applications. We choose the best balance and allow you to make a decision based on these factors.

In most cases, using EVE or REPT for the high majority of cases, will make little difference, but for small 12v inverter applications attached to a 3000w Inverter, EVE LF304 might be most suitable if you are looking for high power continuous applications, Either way its likely you will see thousands of cycles .

In reality, most people size their battery appropriately if budget allows, we would recommend 2 x 12v 314ah batteries for those looking to pull 3000w regularly, this might be for cooking, microwaves or even small Air conditioning systems.

News Blog
Markw , ,
Who is Deye?

Who is Deye? And what makes them special?

Deye is a leading manufacturer of high quality renewable energy solutions, they really have taken the market by storm in the last 5 years in Australia. The products we absolutely love here in at LiFePO4 Australia is the range of SUN Hybrid Inverters. Starting at just 5000W single phase 48v LV right up to the 16kW single phase LV model which really is groundbreaking.

Deye also makes products for SunSynk and Sol-Ark, along with NoArk who has the products in Australia.

Origins, corporate structure & listing

Deye grew out of Ningbo Deye Technology, a diversified appliance and climate-tech manufacturer founded in 1990 in Ningbo, Zhejiang. In 2007 it spun up Ningbo Deye Inverter Technology to focus on PV power electronics and later energy storage (ESS).

What Deye builds: the product families

1) SUN-series hybrid inverters (residential & C&I)

  • Single-phase 48 V (LV): e.g., SUN-5-16K-SG0(x)LP1-AU variants
  • Three-phase 48 V (LV): SUN-5/6/8/10/12K-SG04LP3-AU for Australia
  • Three-phase high-voltage (HV): Various models from 5K up to 100K

Single Phase Hybrid LV (48v Battery)

Big Residential Hybrid LV Inverters

Three Phase Hybrid LV (48v Battery)

Batteries

  • Rack – IEC listed (good when no rebates are applicable
  • Stack – CEC approved (rebates)
  • Wall Mount CEC approved (rebates)

Recommended products

Deye is a vertically-integrated Chinese manufacturer that evolved from climate appliances into a full-stack PV-plus-storage supplier. The SUN-series hybrids earned a following by combining feature-dense controls (parallel/off-grid/AC-couple/genset support) with 48 V battery friendliness and region-specific compliance. For Australian projects in 2025, the critical checks are: current AS/NZS 4777.2 Amd 2 compliance, presence on CEC/CER-maintained approved lists, and battery-BMS compatibility per the latest Deye tables. That diligence preserves rebate eligibility, simplifies commissioning, and ensures the hardware behaves exactly as your design expects.

Who is Deye?

Worlds Largest Single Phase Low Voltage Hybrid Inverter

Blog
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DEYE SUN-12K-SG02LP1-AU-AM3 vs SUN-12K-SG01LP1-AU

Here’s a side-by-side look at the key technical differences between the two 12 kW Deye hybrid inverters:
SUN-12K-SG02LP1-AU-AM3 vs SUN-12K-SG01LP1-AU

Deye 12Kw Hybrid SUN-12K-SG01LP1-AU Single Phase | 3 MPPT | Hybrid Inverter | LV Battery Supported
Deye 12Kw Hybrid SUN-12K-SG01LP1-AU Single Phase | 3 MPPT | Hybrid Inverter | LV Battery Supported
SUN-12K-SG02LP1-AU-AM3
SUN-12K-SG02LP1-AU-AM3
FeatureSUN-12K-SG02LP1-AU-AM3SUN-12K-SG01LP1-AU
Battery charge/discharge current250 A (max) Deye Inverter210 A (max) Deye Inverter
Max PV access power24 000 W Deye InverterDeye Inverter24 000 W Deye Inverter
Max DC input power18 000 W Deye Inverter18 000 W Deye Inverter
Continuous AC passthrough current60 A Deye Inverter100 A Deye Inverter
AC output rated current52.2 A Deye Inverter52.2 A Deye Inverter
MPPT efficiency> 99 % Deye Inverter99.90 % Deye Inverter
Max. efficiency (η<sub>max</sub>)97.6 % Deye Inverter97.6 % Deye Inverter
Weight35.6 kg Deye Inverter48 kg Deye Inverter
Dimensions (W×H×D)420×670×233 mm Deye Inverter464×763×282 mm Deye Inverter
Noise level< 45 dB Deye Inverter< 50 dB Deye Inverter
AC/DC topologyTransformerless / HF-transformer Deye InverterTransformerless / HF-transformer Deye Inverter
Protection & standardsIP65, AS/NZS 4777.2, IEC 62109-1/2 Deye InverterIP65, AS/NZS 4777.2, IEC 62109-1/2 Deye Inverter

What this means for you

  • Battery throughput: SG02 handles ~20 % higher charge/discharge current, so faster cycling if you need rapid charge/discharge (e.g. peak-shaving).
  • Physical footprint: SG02 is ~25 % lighter and ~30 mm shallower, making it easier to wall-mount or fit into compact enclosures.
  • Backup capability: SG01’s 100 A passthrough gives a heftier emergency load supply than SG02’s 60 A, so if you plan heavy critical loads during grid-out, SG01 has the edge.
  • Efficiency & performance: Both share the same peak efficiency and grid-compliance; SG01’s MPPT efficiency spec is stated slightly tighter (99.90 %) but in real-world use you’ll see both tracking very near 99 %.

Choose SUN-12K-SG02LP1-AU-AM3 if you prioritise higher battery current and a lighter, more compact unit; choose SUN-12K-SG01LP1-AU if you need maximum passthrough for backup loads and don’t mind the extra size/weight.

Blog Lithium Battery-school
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How to Start a JK BMS (4-8S) for the First Time – 4S (12V) Setup

If the JK BMS is not turning on when first connected, follow these steps to troubleshoot and properly power it up.

1. Check the Wiring Connections

  • Ensure the balance leads are connected correctly
    • The B- lead should be connected to the main negative of the battery pack.
    • The balance wires must be connected in the correct sequence:
      • B0 (Black wire) → Main negative terminal of the first cell
      • B1 → Positive terminal of Cell 1
      • B2 → Positive terminal of Cell 2
      • B3 → Positive terminal of Cell 3
      • B4 → Main positive terminal of the battery pack

2. Verify Cell Voltages

  • Measure the voltage between each balance wire using a multimeter.
  • Ensure all cell voltages are within a reasonable range (typically 3.2V – 3.6V per cell).
  • If any cell voltage is missing or significantly different, the BMS may not power on.

3. Check the Main Power Connection

  • B- Wire (Main Negative): Ensure the thick B- wire is securely connected to the main negative of the battery pack.
  • P- Wire (Output Negative): This connects to the load/charger and should not be used for powering the BMS initially.

4. Manually Activate the BMS

  • Some JK BMS units require manual activation if they don’t turn on automatically.
    • Try plugging in a charger (even briefly) to the battery terminals to “wake up” the BMS.
    • Alternatively, hold down the power/reset button (if available) for 3-5 seconds.
    • If you dont have the power button, consider sourcing one

5. Check if the BMS is Drawing Current

  • Use a multimeter in DC current mode to check if any current is flowing through the BMS.
  • If the BMS is drawing zero current, it may indicate a wiring issue or a defective unit.

6. Test Communication with the App

  • Download the JK BMS App on a smartphone.
  • Turn on Bluetooth and try scanning for the device.
  • If the BMS does not appear, it is still off or not receiving power.

7. Inspect for Factory Sleep Mode

  • Some BMS units are shipped in a factory sleep mode, requiring a charger or an external power source to turn on.

8. Reset the BMS

  • If all else fails, disconnect all connections for 1-2 minutes, then reconnect everything carefully.

Final Check

  • Once the BMS powers on, verify that all cell voltages are detected correctly in the app.
  • If issues persist, check the BMS documentation or test with another BMS to rule out a faulty unit.

STILL NOT WORKING? Its probably in sleep mode

If the JK BMS is in sleep mode and does not have a power button, here are all possible ways to wake it up:

1. Connect a Charger to the Battery

  • Most common method: Connecting a charger to the battery terminals will usually wake up the BMS.
  • Plug a LiFePO4-compatible charger (or a power supply) into the battery’s main terminals (B+ and B-).
  • Even a brief connection (a few seconds) might be enough to turn the BMS on.

2. Connect a Charger to the Load Side (P+ and P-)

  • If charging via the battery terminals does not work, try connecting the charger to the load terminals (P+ and P-).
  • Some JK BMS models wake up when voltage is applied here.

3. Apply a Small Load Across P+ and P-

  • Some JK BMS units wake up when they detect a current draw.
  • Connect a small 12V load (e.g., a 12V light bulb or small resistor) across P+ and P- for a few seconds.

4. Jumpstart the BMS Using a Resistor or Wire

  • Take a resistor (~1kΩ – 10kΩ, 0.5W or higher) or a jumper wire and temporarily connect:
    • B+ (battery positive) to P+ (load positive)
    • B- (battery negative) to P- (load negative)
  • This creates a tiny voltage differential, which can wake the BMS up.

5. Disconnect and Reconnect the Balance Leads

  • Sometimes, disconnecting and then reconnecting the balance leads (B0-B4) in the correct order can trigger the BMS to power on.
  • Steps:
    1. Disconnect the balance connector from the BMS.
    2. Wait 1-2 minutes.
    3. Reconnect it in the correct sequence (B0 → B1 → B2 → B3 → B4).

6. Use a Bench Power Supply to Apply Voltage to B+ and B-

  • If the BMS is completely unresponsive, try applying a small amount of voltage from a bench power supply.
  • Set the power supply to 12-14V, and briefly connect it to B+ and B-.
  • This simulates a charger and can often wake up the BMS.

7. Check for a Reset Pin on the BMS Board

  • Some JK BMS units have an internal reset pin or pads that, when shorted for a second, will wake the unit.
  • If comfortable opening the BMS case, check for labeled pads (like RST or SW) and try shorting them momentarily.

Final Step: Replace the BMS

If none of these methods work, the BMS might be defective or damaged. Testing with another BMS will confirm whether the issue is with the battery or the unit itself.

Lithium Battery-school EV Engineering
admin
Understanding Why Limiting Charging Rates Extends the Lifespan of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Batteries

Understanding Why Limiting Charging Rates Extends the Lifespan of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Batteries

As electric vehicle (EV) and energy storage enthusiasts continue exploring the best lithium-ion battery technologies, Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) has emerged as one of the most reliable choices. Known for its stability, high safety profile, and impressive cycle life, LFP has become the preferred option for many EV manufacturers, including Tesla, and is widely used in off-grid energy storage solutions. However, while LFP cells excel in durability, there’s a key factor to keep in mind for achieving optimal performance and longevity: limiting the charging rate.

Recent research on the LFP battery cells from a Tesla Model 3 has shed light on the importance of controlled charging. The study revealed that even high-quality LFP batteries experience significant wear and reduced lifespan when charged at rates exceeding 0.5C. By limiting the charging rate to 0.5C or less, these batteries can last significantly longer, providing multiple times the lifespan of those charged at higher rates. This article delves into these findings, explaining why lower charging rates are crucial for extending the life of your LFP batteries.

https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S001346862301513X-gr1.jpg

Cell shows is a 161.5 Ah prismatic flat wound hardcase cell from a state-of-the-art Tesla Model 3 in 2021-2023+ Chinese made Long Range version. Australian Long range RWD.

What Does “0.5C Charging Rate” Mean?

Before diving into the research findings, let’s clarify what the term “0.5C” means in the context of battery charging. The “C-rate” refers to the rate at which a battery is charged or discharged relative to its capacity. A 1C rate would mean charging a battery at a current that would fully charge it in one hour. A 0.5C rate, in turn, means charging it at half that current, or over two hours. Therefore, for a 100Ah battery, a 0.5C rate would be a 50A current.

The Study’s Findings: Why 0.5C is the Ideal Limit for LFP Batteries

The in-depth study of Tesla’s prismatic LFP battery cells showed that the battery’s performance and lifespan were significantly influenced by charging rates. Here’s a summary of the key findings:

  1. Increased Degradation at Higher C-Rates: The study found that at charging rates higher than 0.5C, lithium plating—a process where lithium ions accumulate unevenly on the anode—was more likely to occur. This plating can result in a range of performance issues, including reduced capacity, increased internal resistance, and even the risk of short circuits.
  2. Extended Lifespan with Lower Rates: When the battery was charged at 0.5C or lower, there was a noticeable reduction in wear and tear, significantly extending the overall lifespan of the cell. For users in the EV and solar storage markets, this insight underscores the value of slower, steady charging cycles. Slower charging reduces strain on the battery’s materials, preventing chemical and mechanical degradation that shortens its life.
  3. Why Lower Charging Rates Matter: Lower rates help avoid lithium plating, which tends to happen when the anode can’t absorb lithium ions quickly enough, leading to uneven distribution and increased risk of failure. By charging at a rate that allows for a uniform distribution of lithium ions, the battery retains its capacity and efficiency for longer.

The Case for Lower Charging Rates in Everyday Applications

For EV owners, energy storage users, and anyone relying on LFP batteries, these findings emphasize the importance of charging at a controlled rate. Charging at 0.5C or less not only maximizes battery lifespan but also enhances long-term energy efficiency. Let’s look at how this plays out in practical scenarios:

  • EV Charging: While some high-end EVs are capable of ultra-fast charging, LFP batteries used in these vehicles often limit charging speeds to avoid accelerated wear. Tesla, for example, carefully controls the charging rates in its vehicles equipped with LFP packs, balancing quick charging with long-term durability. For individual users, this means that opting for slower home-charging setups can actually help extend the life of their vehicle’s battery.
  • Solar and Off-Grid Energy Storage: In solar storage applications, battery health is critical for reliability and long-term cost savings. Charging at rates below 0.5C not only optimizes the lifespan of LFP cells but also ensures consistent performance over years, allowing off-grid users to get the most out of their investment. Since off-grid storage systems are typically designed to cycle batteries daily, maximizing the number of cycles through careful charging can make a significant difference.

How Lower Charging Rates Affect Battery Lifespan

The benefits of lower charging rates are especially apparent when considering the relationship between charging rate and battery cycle life. Studies have shown that LFP batteries can achieve thousands of cycles—up to 10,000 or more—when charged and discharged at a 0.5C rate or lower. In contrast, higher charging rates significantly reduce the number of cycles before the battery’s capacity begins to degrade. For example, charging at a rate of 1C or more can lead to premature aging, resulting in a battery that may last only a few thousand cycles.

A simplified way to look at this is that reducing the charging rate reduces stress on the battery, which keeps it in a healthier state longer. Each charge cycle at a controlled rate is a gentler cycle, allowing the battery materials to hold up over time. This means less frequent replacements, lower maintenance costs, and better long-term performance.

Understanding the Trade-Offs: Speed vs. Longevity

While faster charging can be convenient, especially in situations where quick turnaround is needed, it comes at the cost of lifespan. Here’s a quick comparison of the trade-offs:

Charging RateLifespan ImpactBest Use Cases
>1CSignificantly ReducedQuick charging needs, emergency situations
0.5COptimal LongevityRoutine EV charging, solar energy storage, daily cycling
<0.5CMaximum LifespanOff-grid storage, backup power systems where longevity is prioritized

Conclusion: Extending Your LFP Battery’s Lifespan Through Controlled Charging

For those seeking reliable, long-lasting LFP battery performance, charging at or below 0.5C is essential. Whether for an EV, solar storage system, or other energy solution, following this guideline can dramatically extend the lifespan and overall efficiency of your batteries.

In today’s fast-paced world, it’s tempting to charge everything as quickly as possible, but with LFP batteries, patience truly pays off. Taking a steady approach to charging can mean the difference between a battery that lasts years and one that requires early replacement. By embracing lower charging rates, we can get the most out of these resilient LFP batteries—optimizing performance, reducing environmental impact, and ultimately saving on costs in the long run.

Sources


https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001346862301513X

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/battery-disassembly-characterization-power-square-case-lfp-link-sun-cnx4c?trk=public_post_feed-article-content

JBD200ABMS
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Comprehensive Guide to Battery Management Systems (BMS): Comparing JBD, JK, PACE, Daly, and More

In today’s rapidly expanding energy storage market, Battery Management Systems (BMS) play a critical role in the health, safety, and performance of lithium batteries. Whether you are building a battery for a solar setup, electric vehicle (EV), or DIY energy storage system, choosing the right BMS is essential for managing battery performance, extending lifespan, and protecting against potential hazards.

This guide will delve into some of the most popular and well-regarded BMS options available in the market, including JBD, JK, and Daly, analyzing their features, reliability, and overall performance. We’ll also highlight the pros and cons of each system to help you make an informed decision based on your specific requirements.

What is a Battery Management System (BMS)?

A BMS is an electronic system that manages a rechargeable battery, such as lithium-ion or lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), by controlling key functions like charging, discharging, temperature, and overall safety. The BMS ensures that the battery operates within safe limits and helps prolong its lifespan by balancing the cells and protecting against issues like overvoltage, undervoltage, and overheating.

Popular BMS Brands Overview

The BMS market is vast, with many different manufacturers offering various models ranging from budget-friendly basic protection systems to advanced smart BMS options with sophisticated features like Bluetooth connectivity and active balancing. Let’s explore some of the most popular brands:

1. JBD BMS (Jiabaida BMS)

Overview:
JBD is a popular choice among DIY battery builders and professionals alike. Known for its reliability and affordability, JBD offers a wide range of BMS products suitable for everything from small battery packs to large energy storage systems. It also features smart BMS options with Bluetooth, providing real-time monitoring and control through mobile apps.

Support for Victron, DEYE, Growatt and many other inverters.

JBD 200amp 12v BMS
An image of tTpopular JBD 200 amp 4s 12v BMS for LFP and Lithium Batteries
JBD-6s-22s-250A-2
JBD-6s-22s-250A-2
JBD ESS Smart BMS  16s 48V 200A LiFePO4
JBD ESS Smart BMS  16s 48V 200A LiFePO4
JBD 300AMP BMS 24-48v
JBD 300AMP BMS 24-48v
JBD v3 bms app
JBD 2A active balance 16s BMS 200A 300A
JBD touch sceen
JBD200ABMS wiring

Key Features:

  • Available in 12.8V to 48V(51.2V) configurations, with various amp ratings.
  • Both Smart BMS with Bluetooth connectivity for monitoring battery status via an app and Regular BMS, set and forget!
  • Robust passive and active balancing models to keep cell voltages even.
  • Comprehensive protection against overcharge, over-discharge, and over-temperature.
  • Configurable parameters via PC software or mobile app.

Pros:

  • Cost-effective with very reliable performance.
  • Smart features like Bluetooth monitoring and mobile app control.
  • Flexible configuration options.
    Excellent Accuracy for SOC calculations
  • Available in high current ratings, suitable for large packs.
  • Regular firmware updates improve functionality.

Cons:

  • Slightly more complex to set up compared to simpler BMS units.
  • Bluetooth connection range can be limited.
  • Lack of detailed user manual support for first-time users.

Best For:
JBD BMS is well-suited for both DIY enthusiasts and professional battery builders who need reliable, affordable BMS with smart monitoring features. Ideal for medium to large battery packs in solar, RV, and EV applications.

2. JK BMS (JiKong BMS)

Overview:
JK BMS is one of the most advanced BMS systems on the market, especially popular among energy storage professionals. It is known for its robust features, including active balancing, high customization options, and detailed data monitoring. JK BMS is highly regarded for its accuracy, durability, and flexibility, making it ideal for large-scale and critical battery systems. Support for Victron, DEYE, Growatt and many other inverters.

100A 150A 200A 2A Balance SMART BMS
JK BMS Inverter 200A
JK 4S 8S 200A 1
JK 4S 8S 200A 2
JK BMS logo
JK BMS touchscreen
JK-BMS_touchscreen
25.6v 38.4v 51.2v 64v Smart BMS
B2A20S20P 200A Smart BMS JK

Key Features:

  • Active balancing (dynamic cell balancing) ensures cells are equalized during operation.
  • Bluetooth connectivity for real-time monitoring via a mobile app.
  • Configurable protection parameters for precise control over charging and discharging.
  • Software is good, but not perfect, and support has been poor in 2024 for the new model

Pros:

  • Excellent active balancing capabilities reduce cell degradation and extend lifespan.
  • Detailed monitoring and data logging for precise control.
  • Widely customizable for different applications off-grid systems, and commercial setups.
  • Rugged design with high current and voltage tolerance.
  • Good accuracy for professional energy storage projects.

Cons:

  • More expensive than basic BMS units.
  • Higher learning curve for those new to BMS systems.
  • Requires more time to set up and configure.
  • Quality of materials may be lower, than JBD
  • Software has been buggy.

Best For:
JK BMS is the go-to choice for large-scale, critical energy storage applications where active balancing and precise control are necessary. It is ideal for professional setups, commercial energy storage, and high-performance EVs.

3. Daly BMS

Overview:
Daly BMS is another popular option, especially in the DIY space, due to its affordability and basic functionality. Daly BMS is often used for simple battery systems that don’t require the advanced features seen in more expensive systems like JK or JBD. It offers basic protection for lithium batteries, making it suitable for small energy storage systems or low-demand applications.

D BMS 4S 1001
daly bms logo
Daly 4s 12v SmartBMS 4
13.2V BMS PCB LFP LIFEPO4
Daly-4s-12v-SmartBMS
250A 300A 400A 500A
Daly 4s 12v SmartBMS 3
Daly 4s 12v SmartBMS 2

Key Features:

  • Basic protection: overvoltage, undervoltage, over-temperature, and short circuit protection.
  • Available in 12V to 48V configurations with various amp ratings.
  • Passive balancing for maintaining cell voltage consistency.
  • Compact design, easy to install, and cost-effective.

Pros:

  • Easy to buy
  • Simple to set up and use.
  • Basic cell balancing and protection features are sufficient for smaller setups.
  • Widely available with many options for different voltage and current requirements.

Cons:

  • Passive balancing is less efficient than active balancing.
  • Less suitable for large or high-performance battery systems.
  • Durability concerns for long-term use in critical applications.
  • Active Cooling is unreliable

Best For:
Daly BMS is ideal for small-scale projects, DIY enthusiasts, and applications where basic protection is sufficient, such as small solar setups, electric bikes, or RVs. However, it may not be the best choice for large or critical energy storage projects.

4. PACE BMS

PACE BMS is designed to offer precise control and management over battery packs, particularly in scenarios where safety, durability, and advanced functionality are critical. It competes with other high-end BMS solutions like JK and REC, offering features that cater to both small and large battery systems. The focus is often on high voltage and high current capabilities, active balancing, and detailed monitoring.

PACE BMS is trusted in many server rack batteries, and is very similar to many other professional grade UPS and ESS storage BMS, with communication with Inverters and other parallel batteries one of the strengths of this product. Support for Victron, DEYE, Growatt and many other inverters.

48v, Battery Management Board System Bluetooth Wifi RS485 CAN
BMS 300A 16S – PACEEX
51.2v
300A 16S PACEEX back
PACE BMS TOUCH SCREEN

Key Features of PACE BMS:

  • Passive Balancing: Ensures cells within the battery pack remain balanced, improving the pack’s longevity and performance.
  • High Voltage and Current Support: PACE BMS is designed to handle larger battery packs, making it suitable for industrial energy storage systems and EVs.
  • Smart Monitoring: Bluetooth connectivity, Wi-Fi integration, and real-time monitoring through mobile apps and dedicated displays.
  • Scalability: PACE BMS supports a wide range of voltages and capacities, making it versatile for projects of various sizes.
  • CAN Communication: Allows integration into more complex systems and communication with other components, such as in electric vehicles or sophisticated solar setups.
  • Configurable Protection Settings: Advanced protection for overvoltage, undervoltage, over-temperature, and current surges, with configurable thresholds.

Pros of PACE BMS:

  • Advanced Features: PACE BMS offers high-end features like balancing, real-time monitoring, and CAN communication, making it suitable for professional or industrial-grade systems.
  • High Reliability: It is built with a focus on safety and durability, ensuring optimal performance even under demanding conditions.
  • Great Scalability: Suitable for both small and large battery packs, offering flexibility across different applications.
  • Detailed Monitoring: Real-time feedback on battery health and performance ensures better maintenance and control.

Cons of PACE BMS:

  • Higher Cost: PACE BMS tends to be on the more expensive side compared to options like Daly or JBD, which may not make it ideal for DIY enthusiasts or small-scale projects.
  • Complexity: Due to its advanced features and configuration options, PACE BMS has a steeper learning curve and may require technical knowledge to set up and manage effectively.
  • Overkill for Simple Systems: For small or low-demand projects, PACE BMS may offer more features than necessary, which could result in unnecessary costs.

Best For:

PACE BMS is ideal for large, complex energy storage systems, electric vehicles, or any application that demands high reliability, precision, and detailed monitoring. Its advanced features and robust safety mechanisms make it a top choice for critical systems where performance and safety are paramount.

5. Other Popular BMS Options

Overkill Solar BMS:
Specifically designed for DIY solar energy storage systems, Overkill Solar BMS is known for its user-friendly interface and detailed monitoring features. It offers Bluetooth connectivity and a built-in display for real-time stats, making it a favorite among home solar system installers. Overkill uses modified versions of the JDB BMS, in some cases the same BMS.

REC BMS:
One of the high-end options, REC BMS, is designed for advanced applications requiring detailed control, real-time data, and integration into large, complex systems. It supports both passive and active balancing and is highly customizable, often used in commercial energy storage projects.

Pros and Cons Comparison Table

BMS BrandKey FeaturesProsConsBest For
JBDSmart BMS, Bluetooth, balancing, overcharge/over-temp protectionCost-effective, smart features, reliable performanceComplex setup, low balance currentsDIY and professional setups for solar, EVs, and large battery packs
JKActive balancing, high current, customizable parametersHigh current Active balancing, touchscreen, BluetoothExpensive, steep learning curve, software issuesSmall-scale energy storage, EVs, commercial energy applications
DalyBasic protection, passive balancing, over-voltage/under-voltageEasy to buy, easy to use, basic protectionLacks advanced features, limited balancing capabilitiesSmall DIY projects, basic solar setups, electric bikes
PACEBluetooth, passive balancing, over-temperature protectionHigh price, difficult setup, Bluetooth monitoringLacks advanced features like active balancing, not DIY friendlyCommercial scale solar setups, low-voltage energy storage systems
RECActive balancing, high customization, detailed monitoringHighly customizable, integrates into large systems, active balancingVery expensive, complicated setup
overly complex		Large commercial projects, grid-connected systems, high-end EV setups

Final Thoughts: Which BMS is Right for You?

When it comes to selecting a BMS, the right choice depends on your specific project requirements. Here’s a quick summary to help guide your decision:

  • For DIY enthusiasts or small battery systems: JBD offers the most budget-friendly option with basic protection features. It’s ideal for simple projects like e-bikes or small solar setups.
  • For advanced DIY and professional setups: JBD and JK BMS is a great middle-ground option, providing smart features like Bluetooth monitoring, good balancing, and flexibility in configuration. It’s a solid choice for medium to large battery packs.
  • For large-scale or critical energy storage systems: PACE BMS is the gold standard, offering active balancing, high current handling, and extensive monitoring capabilities. It’s perfect for large energy storage projects, EVs, and commercial applications where reliability and performance are paramount.

Ultimately, the best BMS for your needs will depend on the complexity and scale of your project, as well as your budget. Each BMS option has its strengths, and understanding your specific requirements will help you choose the most suitable one for your system.

Ready to Take Your Energy Storage to the Next Level?

At LiFePO4 Australia, we specialize in helping you choose the best components for your battery systems. Whether you’re looking for a high-end BMS or just starting out with a basic battery pack, we’ve got you covered with expert advice and top-tier products. Contact us today to learn more about our range of BMS options and how we can help you build the perfect battery system!

News Blog
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Large Lithium Battery cell sizes potentially coming in 2025

Based on the report from Intersolar Europe 2024, here are the energy storage cells announced to be coming in the near future.

  1. 300Ah+ Cells:
    • Various manufacturers are focusing on 300Ah+ cells, including capacities like 305Ah, 306Ah, 314Ah, 315Ah, 320Ah, 345Ah, and 350Ah.
    • Prominent manufacturers like EVE Energy, REPT and Hithium displayed 306Ah and 314Ah cells, with many already certified for non-China markets.
  2. 500Ah+ Cells:
    • Most major LFP manufacturers have exhibited large-capacity cells, with capacities ranging from 580Ah-1130ah respectively.
    • These 500Ah+ cells are expected to enter non-China markets by the first half of 2025.
  3. 1100ah Mega Cells – Hithium 1130ah, more to follow
  4. 5 MWh- 7MWh+ Energy Storage Systems (BESS): 20FT Containers
  5. Companies like CATL and BYD are developing 5, 6 and 7 MWh+ energy storage containers and systems, with 5 MWh+ systems likely to expand into non-China markets in 2025.

These cells and systems showcase the trend towards higher capacity and energy-efficient solutions in the energy storage industry. The article emphasizes the growth of larger-capacity cells (300Ah+ and 500Ah+), which will play a significant role in upcoming storage solutions across the globe.

500AH+ Cells being manufactured in the near future

Company NameReferencesCapacity (Ah)Weight Energy Density (Wh/hg)Volume Energy Density (Wh/L)Claimed
Cycle Life (Times)		Dimensions (mm)
HiTHIUM Youtube1130180+40015,000
(25Years)		75x580x208
SVOLTsvolt.com73018542011,000+52x500x215
NARADANarada.com690/380-44015,000TBC
ETC63018539010,000+TBC
REPT62512000
(25Years)
REPT58712000
(25Years)
EVElink628185+/12,000+
(20Years)		71x352x207
CATL TBC587 (TBC)185+43018000
(25-30Years)		TBC
VISION580///352x71x205
CORNEXLink 625185+430+18000
(25-30Years)
SUNWODA625AH625AH430+15000 (25Years)

All of these cells Lifespans are claimed in laboratory, and Container level, thermally managed installations.
The core temperatures are maintained at 25°C ± 2°C

77c6a7efce1b9d16208612f735e59a818d5464a9
a8773912b31bb051c90160b7f341f4ba4bede0d6

The Growing Importance of Energy Storage

In the next 30 years, the energy storage industry is expected to experience explosive growth. Industry leaders predict that in 2024 alone, new energy storage capacities will exceed 180GWh. However, with this growth comes increased competition and industry consolidation, as companies with advanced technologies, robust supply chains, and strong brands are better positioned to thrive.

For REPT, which was the first to mass-produce 320Ah energy storage cells in 2023, maintaining technological leadership is key. The release of its new 587Ah and 625Ah cells marks the next step in its efforts to stay ahead in the competitive market.

As all of these manufacturers jostle, they must strive for longer lifespans, better energy efficiency and lighter batteries. All of these factors are important to the future of the World and its Energy needs as it moves away from fossil fuel and into the renewables age.

CATL
In December of last year, CATL began constructing a new production line for its 530Ah energy storage cells. According to industry experts, while the length of these 530Ah cells is extended, their width and thickness remain unchanged, enabling the reuse of the 280Ah production line equipment. The L-series battery cells in CATL’s Tianhang energy storage system boast an energy density of 430Wh/L, with single-cell capacities estimated to be at least 587Ah based on current data.

NARADA
On April 11, NARADA introduced a 690Ah high-capacity energy storage battery with an impressive lifespan of 20 years. Its volume energy density ranges from 380-440Wh/L, with a cycle life reaching up to 15,000 cycles. Each battery delivers more than 2kWh of energy, operating with over 96% efficiency. This battery is compatible with capacities ranging from 650Ah to 750Ah. A 20-foot energy storage system outfitted with this battery can achieve a capacity of 6MWh.

VISION
In May 2023, VISION launched its 580Ah energy storage battery, offering 1.856kWh of energy per cell with a weight of 11kg and a cycle life of 10,000 cycles. The company is planning to establish a 5GWh production base for these cells in Hubei.

ETC
Targeting the long-duration energy storage market (4-8 hours), ETC has developed a 630Ah energy storage battery capable of storing 2016Wh of energy per cell. These batteries offer a cycle life of over 10,000 cycles and an energy efficiency of more than 96%.

EVE
EVE became the first company in China to release 500+Ah battery cells back in October 2022 with its 560Ah LF560K energy storage battery. In August 2023, they introduced a new large laminated smart cell, the LF560K “Mr. Big,” with a capacity of 628Ah, delivering 2.009kWh per cell and a cycle life of 12,000 cycles. Earlier this year, the company announced its 628Ah “Mr. Big” technical route and the 5MWh “Mr. Giant” energy storage system. Production of the LF560K is planned at EVE’s Jingmen base, with an expected capacity of 60GWh. The first phase of the factory is anticipated to be operational by Q2, with full production starting by the end of the year.

TrinaStorage
TrinaStorage recently revealed the successful development of its 500Ah+ high-capacity batteries. According to the company’s director, the 500Ah+ battery represents a major innovation, striking a balance between performance and cost. This design, based on accumulated years of research in battery electrochemistry, optimizes the volume-specific energy density of the standard 20-foot battery compartment, resulting in a well-balanced solution.

HiTHIUM
HiTHIUM set a new industry benchmark with the world’s first long-term energy storage battery featuring a 1130Ah MIC capacity. This battery maintains over 60% SOH (State of Health), ensuring the energy storage system’s service life extends beyond 20 years.

SVOLT
SVOLT has released a 710Ah fly-stack short knife energy storage cell alongside a 660Ah long-life system cell. Recently, the company launched a 730Ah large-capacity short-knife battery, built upon the foundation of its L500-350Ah energy storage cell. This battery offers an energy density of 420Wh/L and a cycle life exceeding 11,000 cycles.

SUNWODA
SUNWODA has announced plans to release a 600+Ah battery program aimed at improving cell integration. This initiative will reduce PACK components by 40%, reinforce the cell structure, and make PACK platforms more adaptable and easier to modify.

News Lithium Battery-school Manufacturers
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CATL’s 18000 Cycle Life LFP Battery Cell: Technological Innovations

In the past couple of years some very significant news has been annouced by CATL, this technology has since also made its way to a number of other LFP manufacturers in China. Such as EVE and Hithium

We are looking at very high cycle life LFP battery cells and the underlying technologies that are being implemented to enable such numbers. It should be noted that these numbers are theoretical, and you should not expect anything close to these in real world applications. Calendar Life ageing plays a significant role in the lifespan of any lithium based battery.

CATL, a leading battery manufacturer, has announced a breakthrough with their new Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) battery cell, boasting an impressive cycle life of 18,000 cycles. This achievement is a result of several advanced technologies and innovative approaches in battery chemistry and manufacturing processes.

Key Technologies Implemented:

  1. Fully Nano-Crystallized LFP Cathode Material:
    CATL has pioneered a fully nano-crystallized LFP cathode material based on hard carbon, not graphene, forming a highly efficient super-conductive pathyway. This sophisticated nanostructure promotes the swift extraction and movement of lithium ions, The stability and performance of the cathode are substantially improved, contributing to the extended cycle life and reliability of the battery.
  2. Granular Gradation Technology:
    This technology involves placing every nanometer particle in the optimal position within the cathode. By precisely positioning these particles, CATL has significantly improved the energy density and durability of the battery. This meticulous structuring at the nanoscale level minimizes degradation and ensures uniform performance over many cycles
  3. 3D Honeycomb-Shaped Anode Material:
    The use of a 3D honeycomb-shaped material in the anode helps to increase energy density while effectively controlling the volume expansion during charge and discharge cycles. This design innovation not only boosts the battery’s capacity but also enhances its structural integrity, contributing to its extended lifespan
  4. Advanced Separator Technology:
    The new LFP battery incorporates an ultra-thin, high-safety separator that improves ion transport while maintaining structural stability. This separator technology is crucial for achieving high charging speeds and ensuring safety during operation, which are critical factors for the long-term durability of the battery
  5. Cell-to-Pack (CTP) Technology:
    CATL’s CTP technology eliminates the need for traditional modules, increasing the packing efficiency by about 7%. This optimization allows more active material to be packed into the battery, enhancing its overall performance and extending its cycle life. The CTP approach also simplifies the manufacturing process and reduces costs
  6. Superconducting Electrolyte Formulation:
    The new battery employs a superconducting electrolyte formulation that enhances ion conductivity. This innovation ensures that the battery can charge and discharge at higher rates without compromising its longevity. It also contributes to the battery’s ability to maintain performance in extreme temperatures

Explanation and Implications of Advanced LFP Battery Technologies

Granular Gradation Technology

Granular Gradation Technology involves the meticulous positioning of nanoparticles within the cathode material of a battery. By placing each particle in an optimal position, the technology significantly improves the energy density and durability of the battery. This precise arrangement minimizes degradation and ensures uniform performance over many cycles. This is achieved through advanced nanotechnology techniques, which allow for the controlled deposition and organization of particles at the atomic or molecular level. The structured material resulting from this technology facilitates efficient ion transport, thereby enhancing the battery’s overall performance and lifespan.

Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) in Battery Manufacturing

Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is a technique used to apply ultrathin films to various components of a battery, such as electrodes and separators. ALD works by depositing materials one atomic layer at a time through a series of self-limiting chemical reactions. This process allows for precise control over film thickness and composition, which is crucial for enhancing battery performance. For example, ALD can be used to coat lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) electrodes with materials like aluminum oxide (Al2O3), which can improve the electrode’s stability, reduce degradation, and enhance the battery’s cycle life.
Further Research by Video source】【source】【source】.
Further Research from 2020 here

Impact of Mass Production and Economies of Scale:

The implementation of these advanced technologies in mass production is expected to drive down the cost per kilowatt-hour (kWh) of LFP batteries. CATL’s extensive production capacity and economies of scale are instrumental in making these high-performance batteries more affordable and accessible for various applications, including electric vehicles and energy storage systems

Conclusion:

CATL’s 18,000 cycle life LFP battery represents a significant advancement in battery technology, driven by innovations in nano-crystallized cathode materials, granular gradation, and advanced manufacturing techniques. These technologies not only enhance the battery’s performance and safety but also contribute to its long-term durability, making it a game-changer in the field of energy storage

For more detailed information on CATL’s technological advancements and their impact on the battery industry, you can visit the original articles on Electrek and PV Magazine.

Chinese lithium battery manufacturers, including CATL, are indeed utilizing advanced technologies like Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) to enhance the performance and longevity of their batteries. ALD is employed to apply ultra-thin, uniform coatings on battery components, such as electrodes and separators. This technique improves the stability and efficiency of the batteries, particularly under high-stress conditions such as high voltages and temperatures.

Key Technologies Used:

  1. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD):
    • ALD allows for the precise application of thin films on battery materials, improving their structural integrity and performance. It helps in forming protective layers on cathodes and anodes, reducing degradation and enhancing cycle life. For example, ALD-coated LiFePO4 electrodes exhibit significantly improved cycle stability and energy density​ (RSC Publishing)​​ (SpringerLink)​.
  2. Granular Gradation Technology:
    • This technology involves the meticulous arrangement of nanoparticles within the cathode material. By placing each particle in an optimal position, the energy density and durability of the battery are significantly enhanced. This structured arrangement minimizes degradation and ensures consistent performance over many cycles​ (RSC Publishing)​.
  3. Nanotechnology and Carbon Nanotubes:
    • The integration of long, thin carbon nanotubes creates highly efficient pathways for ion transmission, enhancing the battery’s fast-charging capabilities. This, combined with additives to improve film permeability, facilitates easier lithium ion movement between electrodes, thereby improving overall battery performance​ (Leading Edge Materials Corp)​.

These innovations are part of the broader trend in the battery industry to improve energy storage solutions through cutting-edge material science and nanotechnology. Chinese manufacturers, particularly CATL, are at the forefront of implementing these technologies to produce high-performance, durable batteries suitable for a wide range of applications, from electric vehicles to large-scale energy storage systems.

More sources in relation to this topic

  1. Winding vs Stacking
  2. ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) Coating
  3. Trends in modern Lithium manufacturing cells
  4. Winding and Z Stacking link
  5. Winding vs Z Stacking pt2
  6. Electrolyte Additives

In the first few seconds of this video made in 2018 at one of EVE’s battery factories, you will notice the winding of a prismatic cell.

Final Words – Batteries aren’t all the same!

This video made in 2023, shows the EVE factory, with some of its most advanced manufacturing equipment in full operation. We are see in the space of just 4 or 5 years, the speed and yield has increased dramatically. The combination of many technologies has increased the lifespan of a LFP cell.
We currently recommend the use of the MB30 and MB31 cells for 300+ah cells. They are the most advanced cells for Energy Storage made by EVE.
EVE makes more than 50 cells that I am aware of, probably more than 100 if you include some of the lesser known cell types and variants.


One of the best videos we have ever seen to explain what is really happening in the newest generation of LFP cells is this one made by CATL in 2024.

https://youtu.be/0cyz5vXd-xY – It was made private by CATL recently on their YOUTUBE channel. We found a copy of the video in the wayback machine. And though its low resolution, Its still good enough to see the tech in laymans terms.

EveEnergyLogo 1
News Manufacturers
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EVE Lithium LFP Cells List 3.2v

A list of cells manufactured by EVE in July 2024.
It details the capacity, energy density, estimated cycle life, weight, and Internal resistance of each cell.

Using this information you might be able to decide what cells suit your application best.
For example the LF50k cell is rated for 7000 cycles at 1C charge and discharge. But its energy density is very low. The main reason it gets such a good rating is because it can be actively cooled or heated in the right application, which can help tremendously with lifespan.
However you will also note that cycle life is now mostly spoken about at 0.5C or P. Meaning much of the information previously released has been further corrected over time.
All of these numbers are best case scenario, and usually at 25 degrees Celsius. So these numbers are basically unattainable in most cases.

ModelCapacity (Ah)Voltage (V)Cycle(time) 25°CInternal Resistance (1KHz)Weight (g)Length × Width × Height (mm)Energy Density (Wh/kg)
LF22K223.224500 (3C/3C)≤0.4mΩ628±10148.7×17.7×131.8112
LF32323.203500 (1C/1C)≤1.5mΩ730±50148.3×26.8×94.3140
LF50F503.201500 (0.5C/0.5C)≤2.0mΩ1035±100148.3×26.7×129.8154
LF50L503.205000 (0.5C/0.5C)≤0.6mΩ1090±50148.6×39.7×100.2154
LF50K503.207000 (1C/1C)≤0.7mΩ1395±50135.3×29.3×185.3114
LF80823.204000 (0.5C/0.5C)≤0.5mΩ1680±50130.3×36.3×170.5156
LF90K903.206000 (1C/1C)≤0.5mΩ1994±100130.3×36.3×200.5144
LF100MA1013.202000 (0.5C/0.5C)≤0.5mΩ1920±100160.0×50.1×118.5168
LF100LA1023.205000 (0.5C/0.5C)≤0.5mΩ1985±100160.0×50.1×118.5164
LF1051053.204000 (0.5C/0.5C)≤0.32mΩ1980±60130.3×36.3×200.5169
LF1251253.224000 (0.5C/0.5C)≤0.40mΩ2390±71200.7×33.2×172.0168
LF1501503.224000 (0.5C/0.5C)≤0.4mΩ2830±84200.7×33.2×207.0170
LF1601603.224000 (0.5C/0.5C)≤0.21mΩ3000±100173.9×53.8×153.5171
LF1731733.224000 (0.5C/0.5C)≤0.25mΩ3190±96173.9×41.06×207.5174
LF2302303.204000 (0.5C/0.5C)≤0.25mΩ4140±124173.9×53.8×207.2177
LF280K2803.208000 (0.5C/0.5P)≤0.25mΩ5490±300173.7×71.7×207.2163
LF3043043.204000 (0.5C/0.5C)≤0.16mΩ5450±164173.7×71.7×207.2178
LF560K5603.208000 (0.5P/0.5P)≤0.25mΩ10700±300352.3×71.7×207.2167
MB303063.2010000 (0.5P/0.5P)≤0.18mΩ5600±300173.7×71.7×207.2174
MB313143.208000 (0.5P/0.5P)≤0.18mΩ5600±300173.7×71.7×207.2179
V211543.222000 (0.5C/0.5C)≤0.5mΩ2755±30110.0×35.7×346.4182
A22178.13.222000 (0.33C/0.33C)≤0.3mΩ3170±230280.7×31.0×88.6180
A24172.13.222000 (0.33C/0.33C)≤0.45mΩ3160±240301.0×36.7×132.5175
A31-V1132.53.222000 (0.33C/0.33C)≤0.45mΩ2370±230194.3×50.7×112.7180
A31-V21413.222000 (Fch/1C)≤0.45mΩ2450±230194.3×50.7×112.7185
A27127.23.212000 (Fch/1C)≤0.45mΩ2220±33088.0×37.2×309.5183
A2887.53.222500 (0.33C/0.33C)≤0.57mΩ1645±30301.8×26.7×94.9171
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